Refereeing performance as a result of the smart leadership of referees in the Iraqi Volleyball Federation
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Abstract
The research aimed to prepare a scale for smart leadership among the referees of the Iraqi Volleyball Federation. The researcher adopted the descriptive survey approach to suit the nature of the research. The research community was determined from all the referees of the Iraqi Central Volleyball Federation, numbering (52) referees. The researcher selected the research sample from the research community itself. A number of phrases were formulated, numbering (31) phrases, and they were presented to the experts. Four phrases were deleted. After that, the scientific foundations were applied so that the scale consisted of (27) phrases. Then, the final image of the scale was applied to the research sample for the period from (11/15/2024) to (12/20/2024). The researcher concluded a positive relationship between refereeing performance and smart leadership of referees. The researcher recommended that volleyball referees in Iraq pay attention to increasing their capabilities in smart leadership and training on it, as it has a very large role in the effectiveness of their performance in the matches they lead
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