Abu Salama, R. R. A. L. (2016). The effect of using some assistive tools on improving performance in freestyle and backstroke swimming among students at An-Najah National University [Unpublished master's thesis]. An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.

Abu Tameh, B. A. (2015). The effect of an educational program using assistive technical tools on learning freestyle swimming among physical education students. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 16(3), 195–214.

Abu Tameh, B. A. (2015). The effect of an educational program using assistive technical tools on learning freestyle swimming among students majoring in physical education. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 16(3), 195–214.

Al-Ameri, N. M., & Al-Dababseh, M. F. (2024). The relationship between coordinative abilities and skill performance in front crawl swimming among children aged 6–9 years. Jordanian Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, 1(1), 25–53.

Al-Damani, A., & Al-Sabhiyeen, E. H. (2021). The effect of an educational program based on constructivist theory on developing scientific thinking skills in social and national education among third-grade students in Jordan. Middle East Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 1(2), 171–202.

Al-Jubouri, O. M. (2016). Self-confidence and its relationship with self-esteem among students enrolled in swimming courses at the Faculty of Sports Sciences at Mutah University [Unpublished master's thesis]. Mutah University, Karak, Jordan.

Al-Sayed, E. E., & Kamel, D. M. (2018). The effect of a proposed program on self-confidence, psychological hesitation, and some skill-performance variables in backstroke swimming. Journal of Comprehensive Education Research.

Al-Sanbani, I. S., & Al-Tareq, A. S. (2020). Self-confidence and its relationship with teachers' gender among secondary-school students in the capital city of Sana'a. Scientific Journal of Psychological and Educational Studies, 3(3), 1–40.

Al-Shelbī, M. W. Y. (2013). The effect of training using a snorkel on the performance level of junior swimmers. Journal of Physical Education Research, 47(93), 233–253.

Al-Sharija, H. F. S., Ibrahim, A. M., & Nakhla, W. R. (2024). The effect of visual-thinking strategy on developing artistic performance skills in art education among ninth-grade students in the State of Kuwait. Scientific Journal of the Faculty of Education, Assiut University, 40(8), 219–253.

Al-Tayeb, M., Qarasha, T., & Omrani, I. (2024). Evaluation of the objectives of current educational programs in physical and sports education from the perspective of secondary-school physical education teachers. Al-Moharref: International Journal of Sports, Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(2), 526–540.

Abd Al-Azim, H. S. (2018). The effect of training using a snorkel on improving performance and performance-level scores among young swimmers in double fins (BF). Assiut Journal of Sports Education Sciences and Arts, 3(46), 222–268.

Abu Al-Ala, A. A. F., & Hazem, H. S. (2011). Contemporary trends in swimming training (1st ed.). Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.

Araabi, S. M. (2017). Swimming: Teaching, training, and rescue (1st ed.). Dar Amjad for Publishing and Distribution.

Araabi, S. M., & Al-Dababseh, M. F. (2011). The effect of an educational program for selected swimming skills on reducing the severity of pain among patients with lower back pain. An-Najah University Journal for Research (Humanities), 25(8).

Azab, N. Y. I. (2016). The effect of training using the snorkel breathing tube on improving dolphin swimming. Scientific Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, 7(78), 413–427.

Alawi, M. H. (2018). Sport psychology and physical activity (1st ed.). Modern Book Center for Publishing and Distribution.

Hassan, A. A. K., & Al-Ashqar, H. I. M. (2016). The effect of training using a snorkel on improving front crawl swimming performance. International Scientific Conference, 2, 758–809.

Habeeb Azzal, Y., & Mustafa Ahmed, A. (2025). The effect of training using the 4D PRO device on the starting speed and digital level in abdominal crawl swimmers for juniors. Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education, 35(2). https://doi.org/10.55998/jsrse.v35i2.1080©Authors

LAMYAA, H., Mustafa, A. R. K., & Yassin, H. A. (2020). The Effect of Constructive Learning Model in Teaching the Constructive Learning of Freestyle Swimming for First Grade Students. Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education, 63.

Mahmoud, M. A., Al-Wadyan, H. M. A., & Al-Jolan, W. N. (2023). The effect of an educational program using some assistive tools on improving front crawl swimming performance among female students of the Faculty of Physical Education. Al-Manara Journal for Research and Studies: Educational and Psychological Sciences Series, 1(2), 67–87.

Mohammed, A. M. (2019). Personal competence and its relationship with self-confidence among children with learning difficulties in Khartoum State [Unpublished master's thesis]. Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan.

Manna, N. Y., Hassan, A. K. J., & Jawi, M. A. (2020). Developing and standardizing a self-confidence scale and its relationship with the front-shot skill among youth basketball players in the southern region. Journal of Studies and Research in Physical Education, 63, 1–17.

Nasef, M. N. E., Hilal, A. A. M., & Abdel Hakim, A. M. (2022). The effect of a training load at the anaerobic threshold with and without the use of a snorkel breathing tube on selected performance variables among swimmers under 16 years of age. Scientific Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, 6(95), 204–221.