Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education

The effectiveness of the Antostal model in learning some offensive skills in foil

Duaa Tariq Muhammad — 2025-07-14

The study aimed to identify the level of learning among third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/University of Basra. The effect of the Entwistle model in learning offensive skills with a shotgun weapon is that the researchers used the experimental method with a design of three equal groups to suit the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of (43) students who were chosen in a simple intentional way, and the sample was divided into three groups, where the deep method reached (14) students. The strategic mode (14) students and the superficial mode (15) students. The duration of the educational program implementation lasted (8) weeks, with one instructional unit per week. After implementing the educational program, the researchers concluded. The Entwistle model makes students the focus of the educational process

The effect of suggested exercises using the Carplus method in improving motor performance motivation and learning some floor movement mat skills in artistic gymnastics for beginners

Ameer Jaber Mushref — 2025-07-14

The research aims to identify the effect of suggested exercises using the Karplus method in improving motor performance motivation and learning some of the skills of the floor movement mat device in artistic gymnastics for men. The researchers used the experimental method and designed two groups with pre- and post-tests. The research sample included novice players in a youth forum. Ramadi, numbering (15) novice players, then the data was treated statistically using the laws of statistics appropriate for this work, and through the results that emerged, the researchers reached the following most important conclusions and recommendations, including: The researchers concluded that using the exercises suggested in the Karplus style has a positive effect in learning the skills of the mat device. Floor movements in artistic gymnastics for men. The researchers recommended the necessity of using the suggested exercises and other educational methods that help beginners learn gymnastics skills and other skills in other activities and games.

Psychological and social pressures on people with various disabilities from the perspective of their teachers in Iraq

Hazem Jassim Khazal — 2025-07-14

This study aimed to identify the psychological and social pressures suffered by athletes with various disabilities from the point of view of coaches of Iraqi clubs for the disabled. The study sample consisted of 27 male and female coaches in Iraqi clubs for the disabled. The researchers used the descriptive analytical approach for its suitability for this study, and built a questionnaire for psychological and social pressures as a tool for collecting data. The scale included (23) paragraphs, and the research included the study variables according to (academic qualification, years of experience). The results of the study reached by the researchers showed that there are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (α≤ 0.05) for the psychological and social pressures suffered by athletes with various disabilities in Iraqi clubs for the disabled from the point of view of coaches of Iraqi clubs for the disabled according to the variables (academic qualification, training experience). In light of the research results, the researchers recommended rehabilitating buildings in Iraqi clubs to meet the needs of various disabilities, and developing training curricula and activities to suit the needs of disabled players

The effect of competitive exercises of varying distance and direction on developing motor coordination and some aspects of strength and speed for curve and straight runners in the 4x100m relay event

Mohammed Sadiq Ahmed — 2025-07-14

The research aims to identify the effect of competitive exercises of varying distance and direction on developing motor coordination and some aspects of strength and speed for sprinters and straight runners in the 4x100m relay. The researcher used an experimental method with an experimental design for two experimental groups, applying pre- and post-measurements, due to its suitability to the nature of the research. The research sample was the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences team at Anbar University in the 4x100m relay race. The most important conclusions reached are that the proposed competitive exercises, in which the direction and distance were changed, have a positive effect on developing most aspects of muscle strength and speed (under study) for sprinters and straight runners in the 4x100m relay race. The researcher recommended the necessity of constantly diversifying training methods, such as using competitive exercises with changes in direction and distance, to break the traditional pattern of training and avoid monotony, which is reflected in the players' interaction with the exercises as a result of increased motivation.

Artificial intelligence and its role in achieving administrative excellence for members of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul

Entethar Faroq Allyas — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to apply the Artificial Intelligence Scale to members of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul. The researchers used the descriptive approach to suit the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of members of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul. The Artificial Intelligence Applications Questionnaire prepared by (Ibtisam Abdul Hamid 2021) was used, consisting of (33) paragraphs distributed over four dimensions. The three-dimensional Likert analysis was used in processing the data. The most important results reached by the researchers were that the use of artificial intelligence applications helps in educational interaction from the learner on the one hand and educational resources on the other hand, including books, tools and various educational means. It was recommended to benefit from artificial intelligence applications as much as possible in teaching and learning processes and in managing activities in the college.

the The effect of SAQ trainings in developing some anaerobic abilities and basic skills of table tennis players

Ihsandin Othman Abdulla — 2025-07-14

The physical abilities of table tennis players are crucial in determining their success in the sport. In order to develop those physical aspects and abilities modern training methods should be applied, such as speed, agility and quickness (SAQ) method, this type of training method enhances anaerobic capabilities. The study aims to prepare specific training program using SAQ method to develop some anaerobic abilities as well as some basic skills of table tennis players. 6 male players of Brayate sport club selected as study population and sample. The experiment design of one independent sample used in the study. The duration of SAQ training program lasted for 6 weeks within 3 training units per week. The findings of the study show that SAQ training is an effective method of training to develop physical components, in addition, the results show an improvement in the game basic skills. Physical fitness significantly impacts table tennis performance through the development of agility, speed and strength

The Impact of an Educational Program Using Mental Visualization on Learning Horizontal Defense Performance in Fencing for Students

Abbas Zeki Abdul-Hussein — 2025-07-14

The research aims to prepare an educational program using mental imagery and apply it to third-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Muthanna University. The researchers used the experimental method with a design of two equivalent groups, where the research community included (130) male and female students, and a sample of (49) female students was selected by lottery. The educational program was applied using mental imagery to the experimental group at a rate of one educational unit per week, in conjunction with college lectures. The researchers concluded the positive effect of the educational program in learning horizontal defense with the fencing sword. The researchers also recommended benefiting from the (educational) curriculum prepared by the researchers in performing basic skills in fencing for students.

The effect of course fit training on developing the speed-specific strength of jumping skills on the vaulting platform

Ferdous Majeed Ameen — 2025-07-14

The aim of the research was to identify the effect of Cross Fit exercises on developing the speed-characteristic strength of the horse jumping skill. The researchers used the experimental method, due to its suitability to the problem and the design of a single group with two pre- and post-tests. The research sample was a sample of young players in the private sports club, numbering (6) players. The researchers concluded that Cross Fit exercises had a positive effect on developing the speed-characteristic strength of the experimental sample members. Accordingly, the researchers recommended that Cross Fit exercises had a positive effect on developing the speed-characteristic strength of the experimental sample members.

The effect of HIFT training on lactic acid concentration and defensive performance endurance in advanced volleyball players

Zainab Ali jerri — 2025-07-14

The aim of the research was to identify the effect of training using the (HIFT) method on the concentration of lactic acid and the defensive performance endurance in volleyball for advanced players. The researchers chose the experimental method using the experimental and control groups to suit the research problem. The research community was represented by the players of the Al-Daghara Sports Club in volleyball, numbering (13) players. The most important conclusions of the researchers were: The training applied using the (HIFT) method on the experimental research group led to the adaptation of muscle cells and internal systems of the player's body by quickly getting rid of the accumulation of lactic acid in the blood after the effort, which led to an increase and continuation of performance for a longer period of time. The most important recommendations were: Paying attention to using exercises according to the training foundations of the (HIFT) method to raise the anaerobic efficiency of volleyball players during matches and competitions

Evaluation of the effect of the body's center of gravity on stride length, frequency, and performance in men's 400m runners

Amjad Abdel Hamid — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to identify some biodynamic variables in the 400-meter men's event. The researchers employed a descriptive approach, utilizing the survey method, to suit the nature of the research and the objectives of the current study. The research sample consisted of young players in the 400-meter event from the southern region. The researchers concluded that the variables that were studied, represented by the body's center of gravity, have the greatest effect on achieving the achievement in the 400-meter event. Accordingly, it was recommended to emphasize the biomechanical requirements during the 400-meter race from the beginning of the race through the four intermediate distances until the end of the race

Construction and evaluation of a legal knowledge test for students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in handball

Qahtan Fadel Muhammad — 2025-07-14

The aim of this research was to develop a legal knowledge test for students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Fourth Year. The researcher used the descriptive approach with a survey method to suit the research problem. The current research community is represented by students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Fourth Year, University of Diyala, for the academic year 2023-2024, numbering (185) students. Scientific foundations were used to develop the legal knowledge test. One of the most important conclusions was the development of a legal knowledge test for students of the Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Handball, which includes (20) questions. The most important recommendations are to apply the knowledge test to students of the Colleges of Education and Sports Sciences to determine their level of legal knowledge and the possibility of benefiting from the legal knowledge test by researchers and specialists.

Using the (SCHMEEK) model and its effectiveness in creative thinking and learning the skills of preparation from above and the individual blocking wall from the (2) volleyball center for secondary school girls

Musa Adnan Musa — 2025-07-14

The aim of the research is to discover the (SCHMEEK) model and its effectiveness in creative thinking and learning the skills of numbers from above and the individual blocking wall from the center (2) volleyball. The researcher applied an experimental method because it suits the nature of his study, while his sample was represented by fifth-grade science students at Manarat Ana Secondary School for Girls for the academic year (2024/2025) and their number reached (24) students, he divided them into two groups, a control and an experimental, each consisting of (12) students. Among the research conclusions is that the (SCHMEEK) model has a high effectiveness in thinking Creative and learning the skills of preparation from above and the individual blocking wall from the (2) volleyball center for secondary school girls, and among the recommendations is adopting the (SCHMEEK) model with interventions in the theoretical and skill aspects of building educational curricula and the necessity of training physical education teachers on the modern teaching model and moving away from traditional models

The effect of using the P.D.E.O.D.E strategy in acquiring some skills of the scouting camp and developing the attitude towards the lesson

Ahmad Muhammad Ali — 2025-07-14

The aim of the research was to reveal the effect of the P-D-E-O-D-E strategy in developing a positive attitude towards the lesson among students. The researchers used the experimental method. The research sample was randomly selected, as Section (A) represented the experimental group, which was taught according to the P-D-E-O-D-E strategy. As for the control group, it was taught according to the followed strategy. A pre-measurement of the attitude variable towards the lesson was conducted. After the experiment was completed, a post-test was conducted for the two groups by photographing the sample for the purpose of evaluating them by experts, based on a special observation form to evaluate the skills of the scout camp. A post-measurement of the attitude variable was also conducted. After collecting and transcribing the data, it was statistically processed and conclusions were reached, the most important of which are: The P-D-E-O-D-E strategy and the followed strategy had an effect in developing the attitude towards the scout camp lesson. The researchers recommended emphasizing the use of the P-D-E-O-D-E strategy because it contains steps to enhance the thinking and analysis processes of the academic material by the learner.

A rehabilitation program for partial ankle rupture injury for football players in Basra Governorate

Saif Saeed Abdul Rahman — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to prepare a rehabilitation curriculum for treating partial ankle joint rupture. The researcher adopted the experimental method for its suitability for the research study. The research sample was players from Basra Governorate, aged 25-30 years, and their number was 7 players. The injury and its degree were diagnosed by a specialist doctor. The curriculum was applied for six weeks, at a rate of three weekly units. Rehabilitation exercises have a positive impact on the rehabilitation and treatment of ankle joint rupture for injured soccer players, which achieved a good result in the return of the injured to their normal condition. It also recommends the necessity of emphasizing the use of moving and fixed exercises within the components of the rehabilitation curriculum

The role of visionary leadership in supporting internal coalitions of workers in youth and sports forums in Baghdad

Zaid Abduljabbar Shahbaz — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to build the scales of visionary leadership and internal coalitions for workers in youth and sports forums in Baghdad. The descriptive approach was adopted using the correlational method, on a sample of (225) individuals who were randomly selected at a rate of (19.38%) from the original community represented by workers in youth and sports forums in Rusafa. The researcher concluded that the scales of visionary leadership and internal coalitions are suitable for what they were prepared for, to measure the point of view of workers in youth and sports forums. The recommendations were that it is necessary to pay attention to the specialized measurement of the point of view of workers in youth and sports forums due to its role in supporting the management and development of the work of these institutions.

The effect of the Deans model on attentional control and learning some basic volleyball skills for students

Dina Muhibb Al-Din Ahmed — 2025-07-14

The aim of the research was to identify the degree of attentional control among second-year students at Anbar University / College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher used the experimental method by designing the control and experimental groups with pre- and post-tests to suit the research problem on a sample of second-year students in the morning study at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / Anbar University, numbering (60) students. After distributing the scale to the research sample and applying the tests, the forms were collected for statistical processing. In light of the results, the researcher reached a number of conclusions, including that the Deniz model had a positive and significant role in developing the students' level in learning skills and attentional control. In light of the conclusions, the researcher recommends the necessity of using the Deniz model and employing it correctly within educational units.

The suitability of using Hypermedia by sports coaches in the sports training process

Mohmmed Saad Aldousari — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to identify the extent of suitability of using hypermedia by sports trainers in the sports training process. The researchers used the descriptive approach on a sample of (45) sports trainers who were randomly selected through an electronic questionnaire prepared by the researchers and distributed to all trainers through the link. It lasted for four weeks and was statistically analyzed using the (SPSS) program. The results showed that hypermedia helps trainers in the sports training process, increases their ability to create and innovate, qualifies them, and maintains the effect of training. We also recommend conducting scientific studies in the same field using different methods of technology in the sports training process.

The effect of special exercises using some educational methods in learning some basic volleyball skills

Israa Fadel Abbas — 2025-07-14

The aim of the research was to identify the impact of specific exercises using educational aids on learning basic volleyball skills. The researcher used the experimental approach because it suited the nature of the problem to be solved. The research sample consisted of (125) first-year intermediate school students (secondary/Al-Faraqed). Based on the research results, the researcher reached the following conclusions: The superiority of the impact of educational aids and their effectiveness over the traditional approach used in the lesson appeared to be superior to the performance level of the skills (under study). She recommended emphasizing the use of educational aids in learning the skills under study, as they are more effective at various stages of learning and are an essential part of the curriculum content.

The degree of social anxiety among students at the college of physical education and sports sciences in Palestine Technical University – Kadoorie

Ali Abdul Rahim Qadoume — 2025-07-14

The aim of the research was to identify the degree of social anxiety among students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Palestine Technical University - Kadoorie. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach, as the study was conducted on a simple stratified random sample consisting of (113) male and female students from the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Palestine Technical University - Kadoorie. The researcher used the social anxiety measurement tool designed by Al-Hanfi et al. (2022) and consisting of (19) statements. The results of the study showed that the total degree of social anxiety among students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Palestine Technical University - Kadoorie was low, with an arithmetic mean of (2.16 ± 0.59). The researcher recommends enhancing self-confidence through workshops and training courses focusing on self-acceptance and enhancing student cooperation, harmony, and group cohesion.

Self-support and its relationship to psychological toughness among the Al-Nour University sports teams in Nineveh Governorate

Karam Emad Hamdi Hamid — 2025-07-14

This research aimed to determine the level of self-advocacy among players of the Al-Noor University sports teams in Nineveh Governorate. The researchers employed a descriptive approach using the correlational studies method due to its suitability for the nature of the research. The original research community for the study consisted of 120 players from the Al-Noor University sports teams in Nineveh Governorate, representing 100%. The study sample included 80 players, representing 66.66%. The researchers used the (Self-Advocacy) scale, prepared by Al-Taie (2024), and the (Psychological Resilience) scale, prepared by Al-Taie (2024). The researchers used the questionnaire as a means of collecting data. Statistics were obtained on the number of players from the Student Activities Division at Al-Noor University in Nineveh Governorate. The researchers concluded that self-advocacy among the players from the Al-Noor University sports teams in Nineveh Governorate is characterized by a high level. Therefore, it was recommended to conduct further studies related to the concept of self-advocacy and psychological resilience among players, and to develop psychological programs for players that enhance the level of self-advocacy and raise the level of psychological resilience among players from clubs in Nineveh Governorate

The effect of cardio training on improving some functional and skill variables For junior female volleyball players

Sanaa Ali Ahmed — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to identify the effect of cardio training on improving some functional and skill variables for young female volleyball players. The researcher used the experimental method with two equivalent groups, while the research community included young female players of the Basra Governorate Education Team. After applying the program, the most important conclusions were reached. Cardio training is one of the successful trainings in improving some functional and skill variables for young female volleyball players. Recommendations were made. Adopting cardio training as one of the successful training methods in improving some functional and skill variables for young female volleyball players

The Effect of the Listening Triangle Strategy on Improving the Performance of Dribbling Skill in Handball among Middle School Students

Yasir Taha Yassen — 2025-07-14

The research aims to develop educational units using the "Listening Triangle" strategy in teaching handball tapping skill to fourth-grade middle school students. The researcher used the experimental method as appropriate for the nature of the research and applied it to fourth-grade middle school students. The sample included 60 students who were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, with 30 students in each group. The methodology used with the "Listening Triangle" strategy was applied to the experimental group, while the traditional method was used in the control group. The researcher concluded that the "Listening Triangle" strategy led to a significant improvement in the performance of the tapping skill compared to the traditional method, due to the activation of student interaction and role exchange. The researcher recommended applying the "Listening Triangle" strategy in teaching the tapping skill and other defensive skills such as covering in handball and other team games.

The effect of the diversity of some training methods of explosive capacity with the variation of the period of intercourse in some electrical indicators (EMG) for the muscles of the arms and the completion of swimming (100) freestyle meters for the Iraqi youth team swimming

Farqed Abdul Jabbar Kazem Jawad — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to identify the effect of diversifying two training methods for explosive power by varying the rest period between the exercises on some electrical indicators (EMG) of the arm muscles and the achievement of swimming (100) freestyle for the Iraqi youth national team swimmers. The experimental method was adopted by designing a single group for a sample of Iraqi youth national team swimmers for a distance of 100 meters freestyle for the sports season (2024-2025), numbering 12 swimmers. To measure the achievement, a cartoon timer was used according to the competition conditions. The experiment was conducted with the plyometric and plastic training methods as one variable that was varied between them in the same training unit. The researcher concluded that the diversity of the two training methods for explosive power by varying the rest period between the exercises for the biceps of swimmers (100) meters freestyle has positive effects on the physiology of electrical signals for neuromuscular control, which is reflected positively in reducing the time spent swimming this distance. Accordingly, it was recommended that it is necessary to support the knowledge of professional coaches about the importance of varying the diversity of explosive power training methods for the biceps. (100) meter freestyle swimmers, to break out of the restrictions imposed by training within the first energy system.

Social Relationships of the Students Activities Department Members at the University of Salahaddin with the Head of their Department and Their Relationship to Their Proactive Behavior

Hunar Saber Mahmoud — 2025-07-14

The research aimed at the level of social relations between the students of the Students Activities Department members at the University of Salahaddin and the head of the department. The descriptive survey research method was used, using the correlational relations method. In order to achieve the research objectives, the opinions of writers and researchers were analyzed on the dimensions of proactive behavior (voice, individual innovation, assuming responsibility), as well as the opinions of writers and researchers on the dimensions of social relations (professional, social). In order to determine the nature of the relationship between these variables, the questionnaire was used as the main tool for collecting data. It was concluded that the members of the Student Activities Department in the colleges of Salahuddin University have social relations with the head of the Student Activities Department at a high level in the professional dimension and they have a very high level of relations in the social dimension, except for what relates to the Director of the Activities Department listening to opinions and suggestions related to work that came at a low level and the Director of the Department defending the members when they are exposed to criticism or abuse at work. Accordingly, the most important recommendations were for the Director of the Student Activities Department to listen to the opinions and suggestions presented by the members of the department regarding work, as well as defend them when they are exposed to abuse at work.

The effect of Stepans' model of analytical thinking in teaching some basic skills in football for secondary school students

Hussein Matar Hammadi — 2025-07-14

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of Stepans model for analytical thinking in teaching some basic football skills to secondary school students. The experimental method with the design (equivalent groups) (control and experimental) was used to solve the research problem and achieve its objectives. The research sample was students of Al-Thawra Secondary School for Boys in Basra Governorate. The researcher concluded that Stepans model for analytical thinking is important and essential in teaching some basic football skills to secondary school students. Accordingly, it was recommended: Adopting Stepans model for analytical thinking because it is important and essential in teaching some basic football skills to secondary school students

The effect of an educational approach using a performance-based assessment strategy in teaching handball shooting skills to students

Safaa Abbas Shihab — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to prepare an educational curriculum using the performance-based assessment strategy for the shooting skill. The researchers used the experimental method, and the research sample was selected by lottery, where the experimental group represented 20 students and the control group represented 18 students from the original community. The results were presented, analyzed, and discussed, and the researchers concluded that the experimental group sample (performance-based assessment strategy) was superior to the control group sample (the curriculum followed by the teacher). Accordingly, it was recommended: Adopting the performance-based assessment strategy to teach other skills and other games

The effect of rehabilitation exercises with various compliance tools in the development of the public force and the total balance of people with temporary paralysis in men with ages (55-60) years

Firas Farqad Ata Raouf — 2025-07-14

The aim of the research was to prepare rehabilitation exercises with various flexible tools for men with temporary hemiplegia aged (55-60) years. The experimental method was adopted by designing two equivalent experimental and control groups on a sample of (9) patients who were deliberately selected using a comprehensive enumeration method at a rate of (100%) from their community, which is men aged (55-60) years with temporary hemiplegia who visit the physiotherapy department at Al-Kindi Teaching Hospital in Baghdad. The most important conclusions were that rehabilitation exercises with various flexible tools are appropriate for treatment sessions for men with temporary hemiplegia aged (55-60) years. Accordingly, it was recommended that it is necessary to take into account the specificity of men with temporary hemiplegia aged (55-60) years and the level of injury when choosing the type of flexible tools for their rehabilitation exercises.

Study of Physical Self-Esteem During Participation in Physical and Sports Activities Among Physical Education Students

Mohanad Omar — 2025-07-14

The study aimed to identify the level of physical self-esteem among students majoring in physical education during their participation in physical and sports activities. The descriptive approach was used in its analytical form on a stratified random sample of (183) male and female students during the first semester (2024-2025 AD). A questionnaire consisting of (26) items was distributed to them. To process the data and arrive at the results, the statistical program (SPSS) was used. The results indicated that the level of physical self-esteem among students majoring in physical education during their participation in physical and sports activities was high, with an arithmetic mean of (4.05). The researcher recommends developing curricula to enhance physical self-esteem through training programs that include sports activities that improve physical performance and enhance self-confidence among students.

The effect of weight training exercises to increase the difficulty of the training unit on some functional variables and the concentration of mineral salts and movements on the balance beam in gymnastics for women

Hiba Qasim Hamadi — 2025-07-14

The aim of this research was to develop weight-bearing exercises to increase the difficulty of the training unit on some functional variables, concentrating on mineral salts, and movements on the balance beam in women's gymnastics. The experimental approach was used, and the research sample consisted of female gymnasts participating in the balance beam activity, affiliated with the Al-Waziriyah College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Baghdad. The most important conclusions were: Weight-bearing exercises to increase the difficulty of the training unit achieved the training objective, especially the functional and physiological aspects, which are important in developing functional variables, concentrating on mineral salts, and movements on the balance beam in women's gymnastics. The most important recommendations were: Adopting weight-bearing exercises to increase the difficulty of the training unit, as they achieved the training objective, especially the functional and physiological aspects, which are important in developing functional variables, concentrating on mineral salts, and movements on the balance beam in women's gymnastics

The effect of ballistic exercises (interval training) on improving some aspects of lower limb muscle strength and the skill of serving and smashing in volleyball

Ethar hamdi eabd alrahman — 2025-07-14

The study aimed to prepare special exercises for ballistic resistance to develop the muscular capacity of the lower limbs and some volleyball skills. The researcher adopted the experimental research method as it is compatible with the problem to be researched, and it is one of the important means to reach knowledge and correct solutions. The research sample was a group of players from the specialized volleyball training center, 14 players (age group ranging from 16-18 years). The research conclusions are that the method followed by the two groups led to the development of the muscular capacity of the lower limbs and selected offensive skills. Accordingly, it was recommended that explosive power (as a special power) be emphasized to develop the strength of the motor paths of volleyball players.

Playing under pressure in limited spaces and its impact on developing speed and endurance of skill performance in futsal

Mazin Ali Lazim — 2025-07-14

The research aims to identify the effect of playing under pressure of limited spaces and its effect on developing the speed and endurance of skill performance in football. The researchers used the experimental method to suit the study problem. The research sample consisted of 12 first-class football players. The researchers applied the prepared training method to the research sample. The SPSS system was also used to obtain the research results. The researchers concluded that the compound exercises under study have a positive effect on developing the level of endurance and speed of skill performance. The repetition of these compound exercises with an integrated physical and skill-related nature, and similar to the conditions of competition, contributed effectively to developing the level of physical abilities under study. The researchers recommend the necessity of using compound exercises in training units to develop the endurance and speed of skill performance, and using compound exercises similar to competition movements to develop the players' ability to perform matches.

An analytical study of the reality of advertising and publishing in sports tourism within the (Gulf 25) Championship from the point of view of media professionals

Ali Sadiq Mal Allah — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to build and apply a scale of the reality of advertising and publishing in sports tourism within the (Gulf 25) Championship from the point of view of media professionals. The researchers used the descriptive approach to suit the nature of the research. The research community consists of workers in sports media in the Gulf 25 Football Championship. The sample was chosen intentionally and consisted of media professionals participating in the Gulf 25 Championship held in Iraq, Basra Governorate, numbering 600 media professionals. The researchers adopted a scale of the reality of advertising and publishing for sports tourism within the Gulf 25 Championship. The researchers concluded that promoting sports tourism through advertising and publishing plays a major and prominent role in directing and educating the masses about tourist attractions and tourist gatherings during the Gulf 25 Championship. Accordingly, the recommendation was to provide specialized programs to train workers in sports media on how to innovate and design modern advertising advertisements to attract large numbers of tourists

The Impact of Aquatic Resistance Training (With and Against Water Current) on Enhancing Specific Strength and Competitive Performance in Youth Kayak Rowers Specializing in the 1000-meter Event

Muyed Abdul Latif Ali — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to know the effect of exercises in moving water (with and against the water current) on developing the special strength of youth kayakers in the 1000m race. Due to the small sample size, the experimental approach was deliberate and in a single-group manner. The research sample was youth kayakers in the second training center beside Al-Rusafa. The researchers concluded that the results showed an improvement in explosive strength in the 50m test (explosive start) as a result of training in moving water. Accordingly, it was recommended to integrate these training methods into youth training programs and expand the scope of future samples by conducting studies on larger and diverse samples (different age groups) to generalize the results.

The effect of therapeutic exercises and electrical stimulation on the rehabilitation of muscles working on injured tennis elbow and some types of strength for women in Diyala Governorate

Lamyaa Jabbar Kazim — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to prepare therapeutic exercises for injured women in the rehabilitation of the working muscles of the tennis elbow and some types of strength. The researcher used the experimental method and conducted the study on 8 women with tennis elbow. After reviewing several specialist doctors and under their supervision, they were transferred to the rehabilitation center in Baquba Teaching Hospital. They are non-athletic employees. The most important conclusions the researcher reached are the superiority of the curriculum prepared using electrical stimulation and therapeutic exercises in achieving better results in rehabilitating muscles injured with tennis elbow. Accordingly, it was recommended to emphasize the use of the method (electrical stimulation and therapeutic exercises) in preparing therapeutic curricula that aim to raise the level of muscle activity at the level of duty performance

Pioneering transformational leadership in the Iraqi National Olympic Committee from the perspective of members of the administrative bodies of sports federations

Haider Hassan Alasadi — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to develop a scale of transformational leadership for Iraqi federations from the perspective of members of the administrative body of sports federations. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach using the survey method because it is appropriate to the nature of the problem. The research sample was selected from members of the administrative bodies of the recognized Iraqi Olympic sports federations, numbering (26) federations, with the number of members reaching (211) members. The researcher developed the scale from the perspective of members of the administrative bodies of the recognized Iraqi Olympic sports federations through the formulation of phrases. The researcher concluded that the results of the questionnaire showed that transformational leadership in the Iraqi National Olympic Committee contributes significantly to motivating members to achieve sporting goals that exceed usual expectations. Accordingly, it was recommended to expand training programs and workshops for leaders in the Iraqi National Olympic Committee. These programs should include intensive training in applying transformational leadership methods and motivating members to innovate and create.

The effect of counseling sessions on the self-confidence of people with disabilities in some individual games in Najaf Governorate

Fadel Kurdi Al-Shammar — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to investigate the effect of counseling sessions for individuals with disabilities on specific games in Najaf Governorate. The researchers used the experimental design of the two equal experimental and control groups with pre-test and post-test. The research sample was the players of some individual games from the disabled in Najaf Governorate. After the main experiment was applied to them, the results were analyzed and processed using (SPSS). The researchers reached the results of the counseling sessions based on the theory of realistic therapy and based on the method of group counseling and through the method of group discussions. It had a clear effect in developing self-confidence. The researchers recommended the necessity of using counseling programs and methods and awareness of the importance of these methods with disabled athletes

The effect of specific training of working muscles on developing certain types of strength and shooting skills in basketball jumping for players from the Diyala Education Team

Abdulrahman Nabhan Ismael — 2025-07-14

The aim of this research was to identify the effect of specific training of active muscles on developing some types of strength and jump shooting in junior basketball. An experimental approach was used to address the research problem and achieve its objectives, particularly with a two-group design (control and experimental). Thus, the experimental design was adopted, and the research sample was comprised of players from the Diyala Education Ministry's basketball team for the 2024-2025 academic year. Based on the results of the post-tests, the conclusion was: Specific training of active muscles is a specialized and successful method for developing some types of strength and jump shooting in junior basketball. It was recommended that specific training of active muscles be adopted to develop other physical abilities and offensive and defensive skills in junior basketball

The effect of competitive skill exercises on learning scouting course skills for the Girl Guides stage in the Scouting movement

Nedhal Fadel Abbas — 2025-07-14

The aim of the research was to identify the impact of skill exercises using the competitive method on learning scouting course skills. The researcher used the experimental method because it is appropriate for the nature of the problem to be solved. The research sample consisted of the Girl Guides Scout Group (Al-Azhar Intermediate School for Girls), numbering (24) guides. Based on the research results, the researcher reached the following conclusions: The competitive method contributed to increasing the guide's motivation towards performance, which contributed to learning scouting course skills. Accordingly, it was recommended to use competitive exercises to learn other scouting skills.

Trends and Future of Professional Football Club Players in Palestine After the October 7 War/2023: A Research on Income Sources and Professional Challenges

hamed salameh — 2025-07-14

The aim of the research is to identify the trends and future of professional football club players in Palestine after the October 7, 2023 war in terms of income sources and the professional challenges they face. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach due to its suitability for the research purposes. The research was conducted on a simple random sample of (84) professional club players in the West Bank. For the purposes of collecting data, the researcher designed a research tool to measure the trends and future of professional football club players in Palestine after the October 7, 2023 war, consisting of multiple-choice questions. The researcher concluded that the highest source of income for a professional player is the club salary, with a frequency of (53), and the lowest source of income for the player was from other work, government support, or organizations, with a frequency of (10). The researcher recommends providing direct financial support to professional players by government agencies and the private sector in order to cover part of the economic challenges facing players after their income decreased due to the current circumstances

The effect of anaerobic threshold exercises on some neurotransmitters, calcium and phosphorus regulating hormones, and the endurance of complex skill performance in boxing juniors

Haider Mohammed Jassim — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to identify the effect of anaerobic threshold exercises on certain neurotransmitters and hormones regulating calcium and phosphorus, as well as the performance of complex skill endurance in junior boxers from the experimental group. As for the research methodology, the researchers used the experimental method by designing two equal groups, the control and the experimental, with a pre- and post-test, to suit the nature of the problem and the objectives of the research. The research community was the same as the research sample, i.e. the comprehensive enumeration method was used, and they were 10 junior boxers in Al-Hilla Club, and they were divided by 5 boxers in each group, distributed randomly into the two groups. After conducting the scientific foundations for the performance endurance test, conducting the pre-test, applying the proposed exercises, conducting the post-test, and statistically analyzing the data, the researchers reached a set of results, the most important of which was that anaerobic threshold exercises brought about a clear development in the performance of complex skill endurance of junior boxers in the experimental group. As for the recommendations, the most important of which was that the researchers suggest organizing specialized courses in all modern training methods for boxing coaches in Iraq

The effect of exercises using the Zahorek model on developing the spiking and blocking skills of students in volleyball

Muthana Ahmed Aboode — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to prepare skill exercises using the Zahorek volleyball model. The researcher created two equal groups, administering pre- and post-tests to employ the experimental method. The main study population consisted of thirty-two third-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Kufa. These students were randomly divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group. The most important conclusions are: The Zahorek model, according to the educational curriculum, had a positive impact on developing the skills of smashing and blocking. Accordingly, the researcher recommended the use of new models aimed at developing team games skills

Intellectual stagnation and its relationship to self-realization among fourth-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences

Nahidah Hamid Mashkour — 2025-07-14

The aim of the research was to identify intellectual stagnation among fourth-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The method used in the study was the descriptive method with the survey method to suit the nature of the research individuals. The research sample was represented by fourth-year female students at the University of Basra / College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The research tool was the preparation of scales. The researchers concluded that some female students unconsciously express the thinking that dominates them, which agrees with or belongs to feelings of intellectual stagnation. The researchers also recommended enhancing self-confidence and creating a state of dialogue within the educational situation at the university in a manner consistent with the spirit of the times and concepts.

The Effect of Using Elastic Ropes on Improving the Technical Performance of the First Pull Phase in the Snatch Lift among Students of the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences

Ahmed Nafaa Kamel — 2025-07-14

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using elastic ropes on improving the technical performance of the first stage of the snatch lift (first pull) among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Diyala. The research relied on the experimental method with a single group, where a random sample of 8 students homogeneous in physical variables was selected. The researcher used elastic ropes as an aid during training, and analyzed the biomechanical variables (heights and deviations) of the kinetic path through two pre- and post-tests using the Dart Fish program. The researcher concluded a significant improvement in the deviation variables (D1, D2, D3) compared to the heights (H1, H2, H3), which indicates the effectiveness of elastic ropes in correcting the kinetic path and bringing the weight closer to the body's center of gravity. Therefore, it was recommended that future studies adopt a more rigorous experimental design, using two groups (experimental and control), especially given the availability of sufficient numbers of students in a single lesson, enabling them to be randomly assigned into two equal groups

The effect of the Denz model on learning some simple attack skills in foil fencing for students

abdalhasaan Rahima Mashkoor — 2025-07-14

The aim of this research was to identify the effect of the Davis model on students' learning of some simple attack skills in foil fencing. The experimental approach was used, with the research sample consisting of third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Basra. After applying the educational model, the most important conclusions were reached: The Davis model is one of the most important educational models in producing the correct lesson for students to learn some simple attack skills in foil fencing. Accordingly, it was recommended to adopt the Davis model as one of the most important educational models in producing the correct lesson for students to learn some simple attack skills in foil fencing

Accordingly, the recommendation was made to adopt the Davis model as one of the essential instructional models for effectively delivering lessons on learning some basic offensive skills in fencing with the foil weapon for students.

A proposed treatment program using cold and heat to relieve sciatica in Ladies

Abdul Karim Ali Daw Khalifa — 2025-07-14

The study aimed to identify the effect of the proposed therapeutic program using cooling and heat for sciatica in women. The researcher used the experimental method with a measurement design (pre-post) for the experimental research groups, which are (cold therapy, heat therapy, and combined cold and heat therapy), in order to suit the nature of the research. The proposed program was applied to a sample of women suffering from sciatica, numbering (18 women). They were divided into three groups to apply the proposed program. The program consisted of three types of treatment divided into three stages for each type, and each type of treatment included three weeks with four sessions, each session lasting 45 minutes. The most important results were: - The presence of statistically significant differences in the pain degree variable between (cold and mixed) as well as between (heat and mixed), as the mixed program shows a positive effect on the pain degree variable in women suffering from sciatica. Accordingly, it was recommended to work on integrating the cold and heat treatment programs together in cases of sciatica in women

The Effect of a Proposed Training Program on Some Blood Lipids and Body Mass Index in Women with Obesity aged 30 to 35 years

Manhal Nabeel Boya — 2025-07-14

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a proposed training program on women with obesity with high blood lipids and Body Mass index. At the same time, the research sample included 10 women with obesity and an increase in blood lipids aged 30-35 years. The researchers used the experimental method by designing one group to suit the nature of the research, four training session were given for the sample for a period of 8 weeks with a total of 32 training sessions. The results showed an improvement in the rate of cholesterol and blood lipids in addition to a positive improvement in the body mass index for all members of the sample. The researchers recommend raising awareness and using systematic training programs when practicing physical and sports activities.

The effect of HIIT training on developing the speed-specific strength of the arms of handball players

Maha Hassan Musleh — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to investigate the effect of HIIT training on developing speed-specific strength in the arms, which constitutes a key aspect of the specialized strength of handball players, a significant component in their physical preparation stages. The researcher used the experimental method to suit the research problem. The research sample consisted of young players of the Diyala Sports Club for handball for the year 2024. The researcher used the most appropriate statistical methods for the research that achieved the research objectives and hypotheses, by using the statistical package (SPSS). The researcher concluded that the training method using the HIIT method had a positive effect on developing speed-specific strength in the arms and resulted in a greater development rate in favor of the experimental group compared to the control group. Accordingly, it was recommended that HIIT training should be used within the components of the training curricula for national handball products

The effect of Posner's model to correct concepts in teaching some basic skills For futsal players to students

Dunya Muhammad Fadhel — 2025-07-14

The aim of the research was to identify the effect of Posner's model for correcting concepts in teaching some basic skills to students of futsal players. The experimental method was used and the research sample was the fourth grade students of Shams Al-Ma'rif High School for Gifted Students in Balad Ruz District in Diyala Governorate. The most important conclusions were: - Posner's model for correcting concepts is important and essential in teaching some basic skills to students of futsal players. Accordingly, the recommendations were: - Adopting Posner's model for correcting concepts as it is important and essential in teaching some basic skills to students of futsal players

Using the Body Tech device with some physical exercises for aortic pain syndrome, it affects the range of motion and spinal deviation

Sajjad Muhammad Hassan — 2025-07-14

The importance of research into using the Body Tech electrical stimulation device with physical exercises lies in reducing spasms in certain trunk muscles, as well as alleviating the pain associated with this injury. The research aimed to use the body trainer and physical exercises to treat aortic pain syndrome and assess their effect on the range of motion and spinal deviation. The researcher employed an experimental approach with a single-group design, and the research sample consisted of players with aortic pain syndrome. A rehabilitation program was then developed for them. The most important conclusion was that the use of the electrical stimulation device (Body Tech) led to a reduction in the pain associated with the injury, resulting in an increase in the range of motion in the shoulder joint. It was recommended: It is necessary to prepare the muscles of the trunk and both sides so that there is no deviation in the vertebrae of the spine. Evaluate the imbalance in the strength of the muscles on the sides of the trunk

The effect of exercises according to formal modeling in learning some basic football skills for students

Noor Sabah Lawas — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to identify the effect of exercises, as modeled pictorially, on learning basic football skills for students. The experimental method was employed using the two-group equal method to suit the nature of the research. The research sample was the second-stage students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/College of Basic Education/Al-Mustansiriya University. The researchers studied the following skills: (rolling, passing, and scoring) according to the curriculum prescribed for second-stage students. The researchers concluded that using pictorial modeling is of great importance in learning some basic football skills. Accordingly, it was recommended that it is necessary to rely on pictorial and auditory models in building educational curricula for students

Evaluating the teaching performance of trainers in the Department of Preparation and Training in Basra Education from the trainees' point of

mandoob Makki Aati — 2025-07-14

The aim of the research was to evaluate the training courses held in the Preparation and Training Department in Basra Education. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey method to suit the nature of the research. The research sample was the male and female teachers newly appointed in the General Directorate of Education in Basra. The researcher relied on applying a scale that measures (quality of training performance) within a set of axes. The researcher concluded from the results the quality of training performance and the efficiency of those in charge of the training process, in terms of methods and the impact of training, The researcher recommends the necessity of taking the results of the research into account, and opening a continuous communication window between the Preparation and Training Department and faculty members, to provide them with everything new from the gains of modern science.

Construction and standardization of the anterior trunk flexibility test for athletes using the designed device

Rami Salman Akab — 2025-07-14

The aim of this research was to develop and standardize a test to measure trunk flexibility for athletes. The researchers used a descriptive approach due to its suitability to the nature of the research problem. The research population comprised players from the Najaf Ashraf Club for the 2024-2025 season, competing in football, track and field, and judo. The conclusions revealed the possibility of testing trunk flexibility using a device designed by the researchers. The device has the ability to discriminate between weak and high-achieving students in the research sample. The recommendations included the use of the device designed to test anterior trunk flexibility and the possibility of conducting similar studies on different activities and age groups

The effect of nutritional panels and some physical exercises on biochemical and functional variables and weight in bodybuilders

Hassan Saad Shallak — 2025-07-14

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a training and experimental program using Tabata aerobic exercise and prebiotic-enriched nutritional bars on the functional and biochemical variables of bodybuilders. The study adopted an experimental approach and included a sample of bodybuilders in Basra Governorate. The study included assessments of respiratory capacity, physical efficiency, and maximum oxygen consumption, as well as multiple biochemical measurements, including cholesterol, triglyceride, and lipoprotein levels. The researchers concluded that the exercises used had a positive effect on the experimental group and therefore recommended the integration of fortified nutrition into sports training programs

The effect of reciprocal exercises on learning to perform the forehand and backhand ground stroke in tennis for students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Science

Hadi Dhafer Hadi — 2025-07-14

The aim of the research was to identify the effect of exercises using the reciprocal method in learning the forehand and backhand ground stroke skill in tennis among the research sample. The researcher used the experimental method by designing the experimental and control groups with pre- and post-tests to suit the nature of the problem to be addressed. The research community included third-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Diyala for the academic year (2024-2025), numbering (116) students who represented the research community. Two groups were selected randomly by lottery, i.e. in an irregular manner. The researcher concluded that the exercises used in the reciprocal method have a positive effect in learning the forehand and backhand ground stroke skill in tennis. Accordingly, it was recommended to teach students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences the basic skills in tennis using the reciprocal method

The role of social control in confronting behavioral deviations in female students

naeema Zidan Khalaf — 2025-07-14

The research aimed to describe the reality of behavioral deviations in the university environment and the role of social control in reducing them. The researchers used the descriptive approach to collect data and analyze it statistically. Then, they used a social control scale consisting of (29) paragraphs and applied the research tool to a sample of (107) female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Girls. Through the results, it became clear that social control is the most effective method through which behavioral deviations can be controlled and reduced. The researchers concluded that (educating female students about positive values and avoiding negative values, including behavioral deviations that are harmful to the individual and society. Parents must use democratic methods in the process of socialization and not use negative methods so that their children do not practice some behavioral deviations

Three-dimensional dynamic analysis of support leg performance in the Kazami Mawashi Giri Karate kick

Riyadh AbdAli Hussein — 2025-07-14

Three-dimensional dynamic analysis of martial arts skills, especially the kazami mawashi giri Karate Kick, is important for understanding performance and preventing injuries. However, little research has focused on the movement of the supporting leg and the effect of player weight on it. Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the three-dimensional movement of the supporting leg joint during the performance of the karate players' kick in light and heavy weights, with the identification of dynamic differences related to weight. Research Methodology: The researchers selected elite karate players (12 lightweight and 12 heavyweight players) who performed the maximum kazami mawashi giri kick towards the target. A three-dimensional motion capture system consisting of 10 cameras (240 Hz) and a ground-mounted force platform was used. Results: The results showed that heavyweight players leaned significantly more ankle during the first stage (preparatory), while lightweight players showed a wider range of ankle tilt during the second stage (hitting the target).

Designing a Paradigmatic Model for the Development of Sports for Persons with Disabilities in Iraq

Najah Abdul Hassan Awfi Al-Shaibawi — 2025-07-27

This research aims to design a paradigmatic model for the development of sports for persons with disabilities in Iraq using grounded theory. This research is qualitative and aimed at being developmental-applicative. Participants included 21 experts and specialists in the field of sports for persons with disabilities in Iraq, who were selected through purposeful sampling using a snowball method for interviews. Data analysis was conducted through open, axial, and selective coding of interviews until theoretical saturation was achieved.

Conclusion: The development of sports for persons with disabilities in Iraq requires a comprehensive and holistic approach. It is suggested that a national committee consisting of representatives from the government, NGOs, sports federations, and persons with disabilities be formed to coordinate and supervise the implementation of development programs