The effect of eight weeks of rehabilitation program with combined exercises (aerobic, flexibility and resistance) on pain, balance and performance of athletics with a history of anterior cruciate ligament recovery 6 months after surgery
الشريط الجانبي للمقالة
محتوى المقالة الرئيسي
الملخص
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of rehabilitation program with combined exercises (aerobic, flexibility and resistance) on pain, balance, strength, anaerobic power and speed in track and field athletes with a history of anterior cruciate ligament surgery six months after surgery.
Method: This semi-experimental study was conducted with a pre-test and post-test design on 30 male track and field athletes (15 in each group). The participants were randomly divided into two groups of combined exercise and control. For eight weeks, three sessions per week, the training group performed a combined program including aerobic, flexibility and resistance exercises in a progressive manner. Variables of pain scale (VAS), balance (star test), strength (one repetition maximum squat), anaerobic power (rest test) and speed (10, 20 and 30 meters) were measured in the pre-test and post-test stages. Data analysis was done using the covariance test at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results showed that exercisesThe combination significantly reduced pain (P=0.001), improved balance (P=0.003), increased muscle strength (P=0.000), improved anaerobic power (P=0.000) and decreased the time of 10 meters (P=0.001) and 30 meters (P=0.000). But no significant change was observed in the speed of 20 meters (P=0.899).
Conclusion: An eight-week combined rehabilitation program can effectively improve most performance and pain indices in track and field athletes after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. This comprehensive approach can be used as a practical strategy for a safe return to competitive activities.
Keywords: combined rehabilitation, anterior cruciate ligament, pain, balance, muscle strength, anaerobic power, speed, athletics
The effect of an eight-week rehabilitation program with combined exercises (aerobic, flexibility, and resistance) on pain, balance, and performance of track and field athletes with a history of anterior cruciate ligament repair 6 months after surgery
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an eight-week combined rehabilitation program (aerobic, flexibility, and resistance training) on pain, balance, strength, anaerobic power, and speed in track and field athletes with a history of anterior cruciate ligament surgery six months' post-operation.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design was conducted on 30 male track and field athletes (15 participants in each group). Participants were randomly assigned to combined training and control groups. The training group performed a progressive combined program including aerobic, flexibility, and resistance exercises for eight weeks, three sessions per week. Variables including pain (VAS scale), balance (star excursion test), strength (one-repetition maximum squat), anaerobic power (RAST test), and speed (10, 20, and 30 meters) were measured at pre-test and post-test stages. Data analysis was performed using ANCOVA at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: Results showed that combined training significantly reduced pain (P=0.001), improved balance (P=0.003), increased muscular strength (P=0.000), enhanced anaerobic power (P=0.000), and decreased running time in 10-meter (P=0.002) and 30-meter (P=0.000) sprints. However, no significant change was observed in 20-meter speed (P=0.89).
Conclusion: An eight-week combined rehabilitation program can effectively improve most functional indices and pain in track and field athletes following anterior cruciate ligament surgery. This comprehensive approach can be used as a practical strategy for safe return to competitive activities.
Keywords: Combined rehabilitation, anterior cruciate ligament, pain, balance, muscular strength, anaerobic power, speed, track and field
تفاصيل المقالة
هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
المراجع
Abbasian S, Golzar S, Onvani V, Sargazi L. The predict of RAST Test from WANT test in Elite Athletes. Research Journal of Recent Sciences. 2012;2277:2502.
Adams D, Logerstedt D, Hunter-Giordano A, Ax MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. Current concepts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a criterion-based rehabilitation progression. Journal of orthopedic & sports physical therapy. 2012;42(Bagley, 2015):14-601.
Albusac, J., Herrera, V., Dominguez-Ocaña, O., Angulo, E., Reyes-Guzmán, A. de los, & Vallejo, D. (2024). Virtual Reality-Based Adapted Handball Serious Game for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Spinal Cord Injured Patients. International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, ICEIS - Proceedings, 2, 337–347. https://doi.org/10.5220/0012554600003690
Bagley MC. Single-leg aerobic capacity, muscular strength, balance, and agility in healthy andsurgically repaired anterior cruciate ligament legs in college age students: Kent State University; 2015.
Bazyler CD, Beckham GK, Sato K. The use of the isometric squat as a measure of strength and explosiveness. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2015;29(Mandelbaum BR, 2005):1386-92.
Begum MR, Hossain MA.Validity and reliability of visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain measurement. Journal of Medical Case Reports and Reviews. 2019;2(Björnsson H, 2015).
Björnsson H, Desai N, Musahl V, Alentorn‐Geli E, Bhandari M, Fu F, et al. Is double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction superior to single-bundle? A comprehensive systematic review. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2015;23(Hasan BB, 2025):696-739.
Booth J, Moseley GL, Schiltenwolf M, Cashin A, Davies M, Hübscher M. Exercise for chronic musculoskeletal pain: A biopsychosocial approach. Musculoskeletal care. 2017;15(Hewett TE, 2006):21-413.
Boyle MJ, Butler RJ, Queen RM. Functional movement competence and dynamic balance after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in adolescent patients. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 2016;36(Voskanian, 2013):36-41.
Buckthorpe M, Gokeler A, Herrington L, Hughes M, Grassi A, Wadey R, et al. Optimizing the early-stage rehabilitation processpost-ACL reconstruction. Sports Medicine. 2024;54(Voskanian, 2013):49-72.
Buckthorpe M. Optimizing the late-stage rehabilitation and return-to-sport training and testing process after ACL reconstruction. Sports Medicine. 2019;49(Bagley, 2015):1043-58.
Canapp D, CCRT C. Rehabilitation Therapy of the Orthopedic Patient, How Important is it?
Cavanaugh JT, Powers M. ACL rehabilitation progression: where are we now? Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2017;10(Hasan BB, 2025):289-96.
Clagg S, Paterno MV, Hewett TE, Schmitt LC. Performance on the modified star excursion balance test at the time of return to sport following anterior cruciateligament reconstruction. Journal of orthopedic & sports physical therapy. 2015;45(Wilson B, 2021):444-52.
Clark RA, Howells B, Pua Y-H, Feller J, Whitehead T, Webster KE. Assessment of standingbalance deficits in people who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using traditional and modern analysis methods. Journal of biomechanics. 2014;47(Mandelbaum BR, 2005):1134-7.
Czamara A, Krzemińska K, Widuchowski W, Dragan SL. The muscle strength of the knee joint after ACL reconstruction depends on the number and frequency of supervised physiotherapy visits. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(Wilk KE, 2003):10588.
Eitzen I, Moksnes H, Snyder-Mackler L, Risberg MA. A progressive 5-week exercise therapy program leads to significant improvement in knee function early after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Journal of orthopedic & sports physical therapy. 2010;40(Björnsson H, 2015):705-21.
Foley A, Hillier S, Barnard R. Effectiveness of once-weekly gym-based exercise programs for older adults post discharge from day rehabilitation: a randomizedcontrolled trial. British journal of sports medicine. 2011;45(Begum MR, 2019):978-86.
Gardiner N. Cross-education and neuromuscular factors relating to the prevention and rehabilitation of anterior cruciateligament (ACL) knee injuries: London Metropolitan University; 2016.
Glaister M, Stone MH, Stewart AM, Hughes MG, Moir GL. Aerobic and anaerobic correlates of multiple sprint cycling performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2006;20(Hewett TE, 2006):8-792.
Golberg E, Sommerfeldt M, Pinkoski A, Dennett L, Beaupre L. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction return-to-sport decision-making: a scoping review. Sports Health. 2024;16(Voskanian, 2013):115-23.
Gribble PA, Hertel J, Plisky P. Using the Star Excursion Balance Test to assess dynamic postural-control deficits and outcomes in lower extremity injury: a literature and systematic review. Journal of athletic training. 2012;47(Hasan BB, 2025):339-57.
Holm L, Esmarck B, Mizuno M, Hansen H, Suetta C, Hölmich P, et al. The effect of protein and carbohydrate supplementation on strength training outcome of rehabilitation in ACL patients. Journal of Orthopedic Research. 2006;24(Björnsson H, 2015):2114-23.
Kim JS, Hwang UJ, Choi MY, Kong DH, Chung KS, Ha JK, et al. Correlation between Y-balance test and balance, functional performance, and outcome measures in patients following ACL reconstruction. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2022;17(Xu C, 2020):193.
Lee J, Doo H, Roh Y, Song S, Oh M, Park J. Change in Pain Perception and TENS Pulse Amplitude, and Progression in Aerobic and Resistance Exercises over a Series of Ten-session Rehabilitation for Anterior Knee Pain. The Asian Journal of Kinesiology. 2023;25(Hasan BB, 2025):50-9.
Lim MA, Kurniawan AA, Budisusilo W, Siregar YP. Rehabilitation Approach Postarthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy of Medial Meniscus in an Elite Track and Field Sprinter: A Case Report. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2022;21(Wilson B, 2021):174-85.
Mahmoudi A, Amirshaghaghi F, Aminzadeh R, Mohamadi Turkmani E. Effect of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise training on depressive symptoms, quality of life, and muscle strength in healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Biological research for nursing. 2022;24(Hewett TE, 2006):541-59.
Moisala A-S, Järvelä T, Kannus P, Järvinen M. Muscle strength evaluations after ACL reconstruction. International journal of sports medicine. 2007;28(Sun, 2024):868-72.
Murray D. Effects of sprint interval training on neuromuscular fatigue and ACL injury risks in racquet sports athletes: Abertay University; 2022.
Myer GD, Martin Jr L, Ford KR, Paterno MV, Schmitt LC, Heidt Jr RS, et al. No association of time from surgery with functional deficits in athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: evidence for objective return-to-sport criteria. The American journal of sports medicine. 2012;40(Sun, 2024):2256-63.
Myer GD, Paterno MV, Ford KR, Hewett TE. Neuromuscular training techniques to target deficits before returning to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2008;22(Hasan BB, 2025):987-1014.
Nyland J, Pyle B, Richards J, Yoshida K, Brey J, Carter S. A clinical practice review of therapeutic movement-based anterior cruciate ligament.Reconstruction return to sports bridge program: The biological, biomechanical and behavioral rationale. Annals of Joint. 2023; 8:23.
Olivier N, Weissland T, Legrand R, Berthoin S, Rogez J, Thevenon A, et al. The effect of a one-leg cycling aerobic training program during the rehabilitation period in soccer players with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010;20(Voskanian, 2013):28-33.
Palmieri-Smith RM, Thomas AC, Wojtys EM. Maximizing quadriceps strength after ACL reconstruction. Clinics in sports medicine. 2008;27(Hasan BB, 2025):405-24.
Saeed, S., & Rahman, A. (2025). A rehabilitation program for partial ankle rupture injury for football players in Basra Governorate. Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education 35Vol, 35(3). https://doi.org/10.55998/jsrse.v35i3.1092©Authors
Taha Yaseen, S. (2024). Rehabilitation program for partial rupture of the brachialis tendon in injured oriental games players. Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education, 34(4). https://doi.org/10.55998/jsrse.v34i4.777©Authors
IASJ
CC-BY-4.0
turnitin
ISSN
DOAJ
Crossref
GoogleScholar
Orcid